Punishment and Rewards

Most training revolves around giving the dog treats (food or favorite toys) and praise when it obeys, and withholding attention, treats, and praise when it does not. A sharp No is useful as long as the dog does not show signs of fear or anxiety. Physical punishment, such as smacking, should be avoided. Hand contact must remain unequivocally

nonthreatening; otherwise, some dogs may begin to behave defensively when stroked or handled. Keeping a puppy on a leash in challenging situations or in his crate or pen when not closely supervised prevents the puppy from getting into situations that might otherwise invite an owner's harsh reaction (such as chewing up a favorite pair of shoes).

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